Economy
What is Capital Gains Taxation and How to Optimize it?
If you have ever traded any securities on the capital markets, chances are that you have paid capital gains taxes before, provided the country of your residence levies such taxes.
Capital gains taxes are levied on the profit generated by buying and selling a particular asset or financial security.
For example, if an investor buys 10 Apple stock for $200 per share and then sells the entire investment for $220 per share, the taxable profit is $200.
Taxes on FX gains are levied at different rates, depending on the length of the holding period of the investment. Long-term capital gains taxes are levied after at least 12 months of holding an asset, while anything less is treated as a short-term capital gain.
In order to better understand how capital gains taxes work and how to optimize your strategies against them, we can look at several examples below.
Example 1 – Long-term capital gains tax
Long-term capital gains taxes in the United States are levied at a rate of 0%, 15%, or 20%, based on income levels and filing status.
Typically, long-term capital gains taxes are levied on asset sales after at least 12 months from purchase. Therefore, if an investor sells an asset 2 years after purchase, the profit will be treated as a long-term capital gain and taxed accordingly.
In other countries, long-term capital gains may have a flat tax rate. For instance, France upholds a long-term capital gains tax of 30%, regardless of the type of instrument.
Example 2 – Short-term capital gains tax
If we look at an example of short-term capital gains taxation, we can see that short-term gains are much easier in terms of tax handling, particularly in the United States, where short-term capital gains are taxed at the ordinary federal and state income tax rates.
For example, if an investor buys $100,000 worth of shares and sells them at a 10% profit in 6 months, the $10,000 difference would be taxable at a rate of 22%, assuming the investor has no other sources of income.
In general, the federal taxes levied on short-term capital gains range from 10% to 37%, with an additional state tax based on place of residence.
Are capital gains taxes universal?
Similarly to any other type of tax levied by governments, capital gains taxes can differ considerably based on the jurisdiction where you reside.
For example, short-term capital gains taxes in the United States are charged at the ordinary income levels, which means that the taxes on short-term capital gains are levied at rates between 10% on the lower end and 37% on the higher end.
On the other hand, a number of countries do not charge capital gains taxes at all. Some such jurisdictions include: Switzerland, Singapore, the UAE, Monaco, Malaysia, Belgium, New Zealand, and more.
In most cases capital gains taxes are levied at income tax levels, while in some cases, they are entirely separate and taxed at a separate, but smaller, rate.
Optimizing your capital gains tax
A key difference between capital gains and other taxes is that capital gains taxes can be optimized, leading to a smaller tax burden overall.
There are several ways of optimizing your capital gains taxes, especially if you reside in the United States and have a SSN, as a number of tax-advantaged investment accounts are available to US residents and citizens, such as: The 401(k), Roth IRAs and Regular IRAs.
In the United Kingdom, you can choose an Individual Savings Account, or ISA. These accounts allow you to close your investments tax-deferred, meaning you do not have to pay capital gains taxes when using them.
Another strategy you can use is tax-loss harvesting, which is done by selling losing investments to offset taxable capital gains. If losses exceed gains, many jurisdictions allow to carry forward excess losses to future years. However, it is also worth noting that tax-loss harvesting can only be done up to $3,000 in the United States.
Conclusion
Capital gains taxes are levied on the profit generated by buying and selling financial securities and other assets.
The rates of capital gains tax differ considerably between jurisdictions and some countries do not levy capital gains taxes at all.
In general, there are two types of capital gains taxes – Short-term and longterm. In most cases, short-term capital gains are taxed as ordinary income, while long-term capital gains taxes are treated as a distinct subcategory of income tax.
For those seeking to optimize their capital gains taxation to avoid overpaying, they can use strategies, such as tax-loss harvesting up to a certain point, or invest and trade using a IRA or other tax-deferred investment/savings account.
By Adedapo Adesanya
The NASD Over-the-Counter (OTC) Securities Exchange closed flat on Wednesday, February 26 with the Unlisted Security Index (NSI) static at 3,268.81 points and the market capitalization unchanged at N1.851 trillion.
The alternative stock exchange closed flat at midweek despite recording six price movers, with two in the green region and four in the red territory.
On the gainers’ side Afriland Properties Plc and FrieslandCampina Wamco Nigeria Plc, with the former rising by N1.12 to N22.80 per unit from the preceding day’s N21.68 per unit and the latter expanding by 76 Kobo to settle at N39.86 per share compared with Tuesday’s closing price of N39.10 per share.
However, First Trust Microfinance Bank Plc lost 5 kobo to close at 47 Kobo per unit compared with the previous day’s 52 Kobo per unit, Geo Fluids dropped 34 Kobo to settle at N3.58 per share versus the preceding session’s N3.24 per share, UBN Property Plc went down by 10 Kobo to finish at N1.75 per unit, in contrast to Tuesday’s closing price of N1.85 per unit, and Central Securities Clearing System (CSCS) Plc declined by 14 Kobo to close at N22.01 per share versus N22.15 per share.
During yesterday’s session, the volume of securities transacted by investors jumped by 99.3 per cent to 1.2 million units from the 605,399 units transacted in the previous trading day.
However, the value of transactions slid by 28.5 per cent to N10.6 million from N14.8 million, while the number of deals went up by 58.3 per cent to 38 deals from 24 deals recorded on Tuesday.
At the close of business, Impresit Bakolori Plc was the most active stock by value (year-to-date) with 533.8 million units worth N520.9 million, followed by Afriland Properties Plc with 16.4 million units valued at 335.2 million, and FrieslandCampina Wamco Nigeria Plc with 8.3 million units valued at N329.2 million.
Industrial and General Insurance (IGI) Plc ended the most active stock by volume on a year-to-date basis with 69.7 million units worth N23.6 million, trailed by Geo-Fluids Plc with 10.9 million units sold for N51.9 million, and FrieslandCampina Wamco Nigeria Plc with 8.3 million units valued at N329.2 million.
By Adedapo Adesanya
The Naira closed flat on the US Dollar at the Nigerian Autonomous Foreign Exchange Market (NAFEM) on Wednesday, February 26 at N1,501.95/$1.
Also, the value of the local currency against the Pound Sterling and the Euro remained unchanged in the official market during the session at N1,894.72/£1 and N1,570.11/€1 apiece.
However, the Nigerian currency depreciated against the United States currency by N10 at midweek to quote at N1,500/$1, in contrast to the preceding day’s N1,490/$1.
The outcome of the local currency comes amid ease in the wider economy and recent moves like clearing backlogs, which have led to the country’s foreign reserves losing over $2 billion in the last month.
However, market analysts fear that the continued drop in the foreign reserves may only offer temporary respite to the Naira.
In the cryptocurrency market, most of the tokens fell on Wednesday after the US President, Mr Donald Trump, said he plans to impose a 25 per cent tariff on the European Union (EU) during his first cabinet meeting.
The price of Bitcoin (BTC) depreciated by more than 3 per cent in the last 24 hours to close at $85,878.47.
After the recent market selloff, there were calls that the drop might have been the bottom but Mr Trump’s EU tariff plans seem to have dampened market optimism.
The American President claimed that the 27-member union does not accept US cars and farm products while the US buys from the bloc.
On its part, the EU said it will react firmly and immediately against “unjustified barriers to free and fair trade”
Ethereum (ETH) slumped by 5.9 per cent to $2,341.69, Ripple (XRP) went down by 3.7 per cent to $2.20, Cardano (ADA) fell by 2.9 per cent to trade at $0.6625, Dogecoin (DOGE) depreciated by 1.3 per cent to $0.2076, Binance Coin (BNB) weakened by 1.2 per cent to $614.13, and Solana (SOL) declined by 1.0 per cent to $140.03.
But Litecoin (LTC) recorded a 6.9 per cent appreciation to quote at $126.46, while the US Dollar Tether (USDT) and the US Dollar Coin (USDC) closed flat at $1.00 each.
By Dipo Olowookere
The Nigerian Exchange (NGX) Limited recorded its first gain this week, with a marginal 0.02 per cent rise on Wednesday, showing resilience in the face of adversities.
Also, investor sentiment turned bullish after closing weak in the past trading sessions.
Yesterday, the bourse ended with 30 price gainers and 15 price losers, representing a positive market breadth index.
UH REIT gained 9.94 per cent to settle at N44.25, Africa Prudential jumped by 9.90 per cent to N33.30, Caverton soared by 9.87 per cent after a deal with the Nigerian National Petroleum Company (NNPC) Limited to N2.45, Omatek rose by 8.22 per cent to 79 Kobo, and Lasaco Assurance grew by 6.92 per cent to N3.09.
On the flip side, Guinea Insurance tumbled by 10.00 per cent to 72 Kobo, Eunisell crumbled by 9.68 per cent to N9.80, The Initiates declined by 8.02 per cent to N3.67, Oando shed 7.69 per cent to sell for N48.00, and Union Dicon dropped 7.50 per cent to trade at N5.55.
During the midweek session, the consumer goods counter chalked up 0.17 per cent, the insurance index appreciated by 0.16 per cent, and the industrial goods sector improved by 0.01 per cent.
However, the energy space gave up 0.71 per cent, and the banking sector depreciated by 0.21 per cent, while the commodity counter closed flat.
When Customs Street closed for the day, the All-Share Index (ASI) increased by 17.38 points to 107,798.99 points from 107,781.61 points and the market capitalisation added N11 billion to finish at N67.179 trillion compared with the preceding day’s N67.168 trillion.
Business Post reports that 245.5 million stocks worth N8.4 billion exchanged hands in 10,098 deals on Wednesday, in contrast to the 363.0 million stocks valued at N10.1 billion transacted in 13,753 deals on Tuesday.
This indicated that the trading volume, value and number of deals went down by 32.37 per cent, 16.83 per cent, and 26.58 per cent, respectively.
Access Holdings led the activity chart with 36.6 million shares sold for N937.9 million, Zenith Bank transacted 26.8 million equities worth N1.3 billion, Sterling Holdings exchanged 11.3 million stocks valued at N62.3 million, Jaiz Bank traded 10.9 million equities worth N36.1 million, and AIICO Insurance transacted 10.8 million stocks for N17.9 million.
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